maud/docs/content/render-trait.md

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# The `Render` trait
For most types, Maud will use the [`std::fmt::Display`][Display] trait to convert [`(spliced)`](splices-toggles.md) values to HTML.
(The result will be escaped automatically.)
If you'd like to override this behavior for your own type, then you can implement the [`Render`][Render] trait instead.
Below are some examples of implementing `Render`.
Feel free to use these snippets in your own project!
## Example: a shorthand for including CSS stylesheets
When writing a web page, it can be annoying to write `link rel="stylesheet"` over and over again.
This example provides a shorthand for linking to CSS stylesheets.
```rust
use maud::{html, Markup, Render};
/// Links to a CSS stylesheet at the given path.
struct Css(&'static str);
impl Render for Css {
fn render(&self) -> Markup {
html! {
link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=(self.0);
}
}
}
```
## Example: a wrapper that calls `std::fmt::Debug`
When debugging an application, it can be useful to see its internal state.
But these internal data types often don't implement `Display`.
This wrapper lets us use the [`Debug`][Debug] trait instead.
To avoid extra allocation, we override the `.render_to()` method instead of `.render()`.
This doesn't do any escaping by default, so we wrap the output in an `Escaper` as well.
```rust
use maud::{Escaper, html, Render};
use std::fmt;
use std::fmt::Write as _;
/// Renders the given value using its `Debug` implementation.
struct Debug<T: fmt::Debug>(T);
impl<T: fmt::Debug> Render for Debug<T> {
fn render_to(&self, output: &mut String) {
let mut escaper = Escaper::new(output);
write!(escaper, "{:?}", self.0).unwrap();
}
}
```
## Example: rendering Markdown using `pulldown-cmark` and `ammonia`
[`pulldown-cmark`][pulldown-cmark] is a popular library for converting Markdown to HTML.
We also use the [`ammonia`][ammonia] library, which sanitizes the resulting markup.
```rust
use ammonia;
use maud::{Markup, PreEscaped, Render};
use pulldown_cmark::{Parser, html};
/// Renders a block of Markdown using `pulldown-cmark`.
struct Markdown<T>(T);
impl<T: AsRef<str>> Render for Markdown<T> {
fn render(&self) -> Markup {
// Generate raw HTML
let mut unsafe_html = String::new();
let parser = Parser::new(self.0.as_ref());
html::push_html(&mut unsafe_html, parser);
// Sanitize it with ammonia
let safe_html = ammonia::clean(&unsafe_html);
PreEscaped(safe_html)
}
}
```
[Debug]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/trait.Debug.html
[Display]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/trait.Display.html
[Render]: https://docs.rs/maud/*/maud/trait.Render.html
[pulldown-cmark]: https://docs.rs/pulldown-cmark/0.0.8/pulldown_cmark/index.html
[ammonia]: https://github.com/notriddle/ammonia